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Historians have provided numerous explanations on the nature of southern sectionalism and the reasons why the South seceded in 1860-1861. In The South as a Conscious Minority, 1789-1861 Jesse Carpenter focuses on the political thought of southern leaders. He asserts that the ante-bellum South was a conscious minority struggling with the problems of political control by numerical majorities from the formation of the Constitution in 1787 to the stroke for independence in 1861.
Carpenter argues that in the seventy years before the Civil War there evolved in the South four major sources of minority protection which succeeded each other in chronological order. The first source of minority protection was the principle of local self-government. This principle was advanced between 1789 (the establishment of constitutional government) and 1820 (the Missouri Compromise). The South lost its battle against centralization in the 1820s when the Supreme Court made several rulings which expanded federal power.
In the decades of the twenties, thirties, and forties the South sought minority protection with the principle of the concurrent voice. This principle maintained that consent of the South was required before the national government made laws. This principle worked for the South as long as the balance of free and slave states was maintained. However, the balance was upset with the admission of California as a free state in 1850.
Next, the South sought protection in the third principle, that of constitutional guarantees. One constitutional guarantee came in the form of a reinforced fugitive slave law. Also, through the 1850s the South launched a campaign for the protection of slavery in the territories. However, the election of Lincoln in 1860 left the South with one option: the fourth and final principle of southern independence. Thus, this book explains southern sectionalism with the development of the conscious minority thesis.
