Microscopic Internal Flaws Inducing Fracture In Steel - 1896 - THE author has for many years past been engaged on researches with the object of ascertaining soirle of the causes of the deterioration of metals leading to the accidental fracture of railway axles, propeller shafts, and other metallic constructions. He has recently studied the Effects of Temperature on the Strength of Railway Axles, in an investigation extending over ten years, and has determined, on a large experimental scale, the resistance of metals to ...
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Microscopic Internal Flaws Inducing Fracture In Steel - 1896 - THE author has for many years past been engaged on researches with the object of ascertaining soirle of the causes of the deterioration of metals leading to the accidental fracture of railway axles, propeller shafts, and other metallic constructions. He has recently studied the Effects of Temperature on the Strength of Railway Axles, in an investigation extending over ten years, and has determined, on a large experimental scale, the resistance of metals to sudden concussions at varying, temperatures down to zero 0 deg. Fahr., and indicatecl theihffuence of climatic ternperature changes on the strength of railway material the experiments showing that, under certain conditions, temperature is a potent factor in leading to the deteriorakion of the resisting strength of railway axles ancl shafts. The author has also completed another investigation on the Effect of Strain on Railway Axles, in which some other aspects of the deterioration by fatigue in lnetals have been experimentally examined. If it were possible to produce a . perfect metal, theoretically, there should be no deterioration by fatigue but, alas this at present seems almost ilnpossible. Imperfections abound without, within, I11 toughest metals as metallic sin. All, therefore, that the metallurgist and scientific investigator can do is l. To endeavour to find out the ultimate causes of internal defects in metals. 2. To minimise the deleterious influence of these, if possible, in existing structures. 3. On tlie lnanipulation of n etals to endeavour in the future to avoid by suitable and practical mcthods . . the possibility of internal flaws or defects arising.Whatever be the cause of the tlctcriol ation of nletals FIG. 1. Internal Micro-Fln v X 250 carbon 0.10 pcll. cent., su1l hur 2.0 per cent. Fla. 2. Jntcrnal 3licro-Flaws X 300 sulphur 0.25 per cent. through repetition of stress, or tile fatigue of u7enr and tear and not itllstanclinthge lnost vnl ableos periinen tls of Wohler, Sir Bcl jnn in B. Baker, Professor Bansching. er, Professor Iienned y, nntl others, colrlpartxtivel y little is known of the true cause of such deterioration, there is a consensus of facts indicating that a weakening of endurance occurs in FIG. 3. Internal Sulphur Flaws X 300 diameter. FIG. 4. Bessemer Steel Railway Axle, showing Internal Micro-Flaws X 500 diameter. iron and steel through the action of repeated stress. In connectiorl with this interesting subject reference nag be made to some remarks by Professor W. C. Unwin, F. R. S., 3. Inst. C. E., In all cases the number of repetitions of FIG. 5. Internal Flaw X 300 diameter, Bessemer Steel Railway Axle 2.. FIG. 6. Bessemer Steel Railway Axle, Internal Flaw X 300 diameter. loading the bar will bear diminishes with increased range of variation of stress. It is impossible not to conclude that, INDUCING . FltrlCTUltE IN STEEL. 7 whatever the cause of decreased life of the bar may be, it is a cause which acts continuously, altering in some way the Fra. 7. Internal Micro-Flaws, Belgian Bessemer Steel Railway Axle, X S00 diameter. FIG. 8. Internal Micro-Flaws, Eelgian Bessemer Steel Railway Axle, X S00 diameter. structure or the proaerties A. of the bar...
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