Excerpt: ...by identifying Ziva with Brahma. Thus a new light begins to flicker here and there in the Upanishads as the conception of Ziva, a personal god wielding free grace, colours the pale whiteness of the impersonal Brahma; and at last in the Zvt[vatara, which though rather late in date is not the least important of the Upanishads, this theistic movement boldly proclaims itself: the supreme Brahma, identified with Ziva, is definitely contrasted with the individual soul as divine to human, giver of grace to receiver ...
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Excerpt: ...by identifying Ziva with Brahma. Thus a new light begins to flicker here and there in the Upanishads as the conception of Ziva, a personal god wielding free grace, colours the pale whiteness of the impersonal Brahma; and at last in the Zvt[vatara, which though rather late in date is not the least important of the Upanishads, this theistic movement boldly proclaims itself: the supreme Brahma, identified with Ziva, is definitely contrasted with the individual soul as divine to human, giver of grace to receiver of grace. Later Upanishads will take up this strain, in honour of Ziva and other gods, and finally they will end as mere tracts of this or that theistic church. Yet another current is now beginning to stir men's minds, and it is one that is also destined to a great future. It starts from Kṛishṇa. The teaching of the Upanishads, that all being is the One Brahma and that Brahma is the same as the individual soul, has busied many men, not only Brahmans but also Kshatriyas, noblemen of the warrior order. Some even say that 67 it arose among the Kshatriyas; and at any rate it is likely that they, being less obsessed with the forms of ritual than the Brahmans and therefore able to think more directly and clearly, have helped the Brahmans in their discussions to clear their minds of ritual symbolism, and to realise more definitely the philosophic ideas which hitherto they had seen only dimly typified in their ceremonies. Kṛishṇa was one of these Kshatriyas. He belonged to the Stvata or Vṛishṇi tribe, living in or near the ancient city of Mathur. Sometimes in early writings he is styled Kṛishṇa Dvak+putra, Kṛishṇa Dvak+'s son, because his mother's name was Dvak+; sometimes again he is called Kṛishṇa Vsudva, or simply Vsudva, which is a patronymic said to be derived from...
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